Infección por COVID-19 y accidente cerebrovascular / COVID-19 Infection and Stroke

La actual pandemia de COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, se caracteriza por una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Algunos estudios han reportado que la frecuencia de ictus en pacientes infectados con el virus oscila entre un 5-20 por ciento. A pesar de estas cifras alarmantes, las vías por las cuales el virus llega al sistema nervioso central y los mecanismos fisiopatológicos por los que puede ocurrir un ictus en estos pacientes no han sido totalmente esclarecidos. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la infección por SARS-CoV-2 está asociada a un estado protrombótico, capaz de causar un tromboembolismo arterial y venoso. Además, se ha reportado una respuesta inflamatoria exacerbada, con reclutamiento de células sanguíneas y una secreción desproporcionada de citoquinas proinflamatorias. También la hipoxia y fenómenos cardioembólicos han sido propuestos como posibles mecanismos. Es esencial definir con exactitud los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que vincula la infección por SARS-CoV-2 con la ocurrencia del ictus, con la finalidad de aplicar tratamientos más específicos y evitar futuras complicaciones(AU)

The actual Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is an ongoing pandemic, characterized by high morbidity and mortality produced by SARS-CoV-2 virus. Studies reported a stroke frequency around 5-20 percent in infected patients; however, SNC invasion and pathophysiological mechanisms related to stroke in COVID-19 patients are still unknown. Several studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to a prothrombotic state causing venous and arterial thromboembolism. Also, an overstated inflammatory response with recruitment of blood cells and disproportioned secretion of proinflammatory cytokines has been reported. Finally, cardioembolism and hypoxia have been proposed as surrogate mechanisms. It is essential to define the pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke during the infection in order to apply more specific treatments to avoid further stroke complications(AU)

Low Common Carotid Artery Systolic Occlusion Pressure and Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Are Associated with Development of Neurologic Intolerance during Proximal Protected Carotid Artery Stenting

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neurologic intolerance (NI) is defined as the occurrence of neurological symptoms during carotid artery stenting (CAS). Because NI is inevitable problem, it may be helpful to anticipate its occurrence. So, we studied factors associated with NI during proximal protected CAS. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all consecutive patients underwent proximal protected CAS from August 2012 to January 2017. RESULTS: We included total 123 patients (109 males, 72±8 years old). The total procedure time was 43±12 minutes, and mean occlusion time was 4.8±1.2 minutes. We divided CAS patients into 2 groups according to presence of NI; neurologic tolerance (NT; n=74, 60%) and NI (n=49, 40%) groups. After the univariate analysis, symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (p = 0.003), absence of anterior communicating artery (p = 0.015) and low common carotid artery occlusion pressure (CCAOP, p < 0.001) were associated with NI. After the multivariate analysis, NI was significantly associated with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (odds ratio [OR], 5.549; p = 0.014) and systolic CCAOP≤42 mmHg (OR, 6.461; p < 0.001). In NI group, 43 patients (88%) recovered right after the balloon deflation and 2 patients were normalized within 2 hours. However, 1 had major stroke and 3 had minor strokes in 4 patients with persistent NI ≥24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: About 40% showed NI during the CAS. Most of them (88%, 43 of 49 patients) recovered after the balloon deflation, but stroke incidence was significantly higher in NI group. Symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and systolic CCAOP ≤42 mmHg were significantly associated with the development of NI during proximal protected CAS.

The incidence of transient neurologic syndrome in obstetric and non-obstetric patients with spinal 05% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 5 % hyperbaric lignocaine – A randomized double blind control study

Background: Lignocaine has been used for spinal anesthesia since 1948 for many decades without any serious complications. In subjects who were recovering from lignocaine spinal anaesthesia, Transient Neurologic Symptoms (TNS) have been reported. In pregnant women, small doses of spinal anaesthesia are known to produce higher levels of spinal anaesthesia compared to non-pregnant women. The aetiology of TNS is still poorly understood and the incidence of TNS has been reported to be low in pregnancy. Materials and methods: We conducted a randomised controlled clinical trial on 200 subjects who were admitted to Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital. 100 obstetric subjects were randomised to receive either 1.1 ml of 5% lignocaine (Group 1 – OL, n=50) or 2 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine (Group 2 – OB, n=50). 100 non obstetric subjects were randomised to receive either 2 ml of 5% lignocaine (Group 3 – NL, n=50) or 3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine (Group 4 – NB, n=50). Incidence of Transient Neurological Symptoms was our primary outcome variable. Results: Out of 50 people with OL none had TNS. The proportion of subjects developing TNS was 2%, 4% and 4% respectively in OB, NL and NB groups. None of the factors such as degree of motor Sivanoli Ambalavanan, Vimal. The incidence of transient neurologic syndrome in obstetric and non-obstetric patients with spinal 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 5 % hyperbaric lignocaine - A randomized double blind control study. IAIM, 2018; 5(2): 20-26. Page 21 blockade, age, weight, occurrence of hypotension, lowest SBP, lowest DBP, lowest heart rate had a significant association with occurrence of TNS. Conclusions: The incidence of TNS in OL group was 0. The occurrence of transient neurologic symptoms with intrathecal lidocaine among obstetric patients in the supine surgical position appears to be infrequent and also without any serious complications.

Coreia: uma manifestação rara da arterite de Takayasu / Chorea: A rare manifestation of Takayasu's arteritis

RESUMORelatamos um caso de uma menina com coreia recorrente e diagnóstico de arterite de Takayasu. Esta manifestação clínica foi relatada em apenas um paciente com tal vasculite na faixa etária pediátrica.

ABSTRACTThe case of a girl with recurring chorea and a Takayasu's arteritis diagnosis is reported. This clinical manifestation has been reported in only one patient with this vasculitis in the pediatric group.

Correlations between Neurologic and Psychiatric Symptoms in Acute Stroke Patients / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the correlations between neurological and psychiatric symptoms at two weeks after stroke. METHODS: For 412 stroke patients, stroke severity was evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), disability by the Barthel Index(BI) and modified Rankin Scale(mRS), cognitive function by the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination(K-MMSE), and muscle power by grip strength. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by Symptom check list-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), consisted of nine symptom domains : Somatization, Obsessive-compulsive, Interpersonal sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic anxiety, Paranoid ideation, Psychoticism, and Additional items. The correlations between the neurological and psychiatric symptoms were investigated at the time of admission and before discharge(i.e. before and after treatment). RESULTS: At the time of admission, NIHSS score was associated with scores on Phobic anxiety and Additional items ; and scores on BI and mRS were associated with Depression, Phobic anxiety and Additional items. At the time of discharge, NIHSS score was associated with scores on Somatization, Depression, Phobic anxiety, and Additional items ; scores on BI and mRS were associated with scores on Depression, Phobic anxiety and Additional items ; MMSE score was associated with Obsessive-compulsive, Depression, Phobic anxiety, and Additional items ; and grip strength was associated with Somatization, Depression, Anxiety and Additional items. CONCLUSIONS: More severe neurological symptoms were associated with higher psychiatric morbidity particularly in depression, phobic anxiety, sleep and appetite disturbance at acute stage of stroke. More intensive psychiatric care and intervention are needed for the high risk group.

Síntomas prodrómicos de migraña / Prodromic symptoms in migraine

Introducción. Los síntomas prodrómicos pueden ofrecer una oportunidad terapéutica a los pacientes con migraña. Objetivos. Determinar las características clínicas de los síntomas prodrómicos y comparar las diferencias de las características entre la migraña con y sin aura y la migraña crónica, en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios colombianos. Material y métodos. Efectuamos un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a través de una entrevista semiestructurada validada en español para el diagnóstico de cefaleas primarias en estudiantes universitarios. Los estudiantes respondieron un cuestionario diagnóstico de migraña; de ellos, a quienes se les detectó migraña fueron evaluados por un neurólogo mediante entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados. Se entrevistaron 141 pacientes con migraña; el 29,8% de ellos tienen síntomas prodrómicos con características variadas y una duración mediana de 30 minutos. El tiempo de máxima intensidad de la cefalea también es variable, con mediana de 13,5 minutos. El 24,1% refieren intensidad máxima de la cefalea desde el inicio. No hubo diferencias en la frecuencia de síntomas prodrómicos, duración o tiempo de máxima intensidad del dolor entre pacientes con migraña con aura, migraña sin aura o migraña crónica. Conclusión. Las medicaciones usadas clínicamente para prevenir un ataque de migraña durante la fase prodrómica sólo son utilizables en la tercera parte de los pacientes con migraña y deben actuar antes de 30 minutos. Estos hallazgos limitan la utilidad clínica de los síntomas prodrómicos y las opciones terapéuticas a utilizar durante la fase prodrómica del ataque de migraña.

Introduction. Prodromic symptoms can offer a therapeutic opportunity to the patients with migraine. Objectives: to determine clinical characteristics of prodromic symptoms and to compare the differences between migraine with and without aura and chronic migraine in an colombian university population. Materials and methods. We guided a cross sectional study by means of a semi-structured, interview validated in spanish designed to identify primary headaches among university students. Students answered a diagnosticquestionnaire of migraine; who were detected with migraine then were interviewed face to face bya a neurologist by a semi structured interview. Results. 141 patients were interviewed with migraine. 29.8% patients with migraine had prodromic symptoms with varied characteristic and a median duration of 30 minutes. The time of maximum intensity of migraine is also variable with a median of 13.5 minutes. 24.1% of the patients describe a maximum intensity of the headache from the beginning. There were not differences in frequency and duration of prodromic symptoms, or time of maximum intensity of the pain among patients with migraine with aura, migraine without aura or chronic migraine. Conclusions. The medication used to prevent a migraine attack during the prodromic phase are only usable in the third part of the patients with migraine and they shoud act before 30 minutes. These findings limit the clinical usefulness of the prodromic symptoms and the therapeutic options to use during the prodrome of the migraine attack.

Transient Neurologic Syndrome after Spinal Anaesthesia / 中国康复理论与实践

@#A number of reports have appeared implicating neurotoxicity of local anesthetics as a possible cause of neurologic complications after spinal anesthesia. Transient neurologic syndrome is one of neurologic complications. This article reviews the etiology, occurred mechanism, clinical symptoms, risk factors, prevention and treatment of transient neurologic syndrome.